;kmn lzIfs s;l/
aGg]<
नारायाण सापकोटा
बिज्ञान शिक्षक
lzIf0f sd{ ufx|f] 5 lsgls of] cToGt} dxTjk'0f{ 5. xfdL cfkm} klg Tof] dxTjk'0f{
sfo{df cuf8L al9/x]sf x'G5f}+ / grfx] klg xfdLnfO{ s;}n] 8f]of{pg] ul//fv]s}
x'G5. w]/} e"ldsf gafwf}F of] n]vdf lzIf0f snfsf] s]xL dxTjk'0f{ a'Fbfsf]
af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5.
!_ cfˆgf] sdhf]/Ldf slxNo} Wofg
glbg'xf]; xfdL s'g} s'/f cToGt}
/fd|f] ug{ ;S5f}+ . /fd|f] klg ul//fv]s} x'G5f}+ t/ xfdL slxn]sfxL+ cfˆgf
sdhf]/L b]v]/ b'lv / lbSs x'g]u/]sf 5f}F . cfkm'df ePsf] ;sf/fTds phf{, ;|Lhglzntf tyf laa]snfO{
;xL ?kdf k|of]u ug{' kb{5. sdhf]/LnfO{
nfO{ eg] la:tf/} ;'Nemfpg tkÞm{ nfUg' k5{. k|lalw d}qL aGg]. cfˆgf] :jd'Nof+sg
ug]{.
@_ cfˆgf] k2tL ljsf; ug]{ ;s];Dd
3/nfO{ :s'n / :s'nnfO{ 3/df n}hfg' x'Fb}g. eGg'sf] cy{ ;s];Dd cfˆgf] k];fut
sfdnfO{ 3/df g nfu]s} a]; t/ dfgaLo :jefj g} xf] hlxn] klg ;Dej gx'g ;S5. t/
lglZrt ?l6+u agfof] eg] Tof] ;Dej 5. vfnL lkl/o8df s] ug]{< s'g s'g sfd
ug]{< eg]/ ;do tflnsf agfof] eg] ;lhn} ;do df cfF6]sf] sfd k'/f ug{ ;lsG5. sfdsf]
a]nfdf cgfj:os ukm ufkm gug]{. df]afOndf gem'Ng] uof]{ eg] ;lhn} sfd ;sfpg
;lsG5.
#_ cfkm} cfˆgf] k];f / sfd k|lt dfofefj
b]vfpg] cfˆgf] sfd nfO{ dfof ug{ clt
dxTjk'0f{ x'G5. olb tkfO{n] lzIf0f k]zfnfO{ dfof ul//xg' ePsf] 5}g eg] of] k];f
tkfO{sf nflu xf]Og. Ps t P;n] tkfOnfO{ cgfa:os tgfa lbG5 . csf]{ tkfO{sf
laBfyL{ / ;xsdL{, kl/jf/sf ;b:o To;sf] k|efjdf /x]sf x'G5g.
$_ c? sfdsf nflu klg ;do 5'6\ofpg'xf];
lzIfs eof] eGb}df s;/L k9fpg] , of] ePg
of] ug{ ;lsg eg]/ tgfa lng' eGbf ;dodf tgfa Jo:yfkg ug]{ , af}l4s sfo{qmd ;ef
;Dd]ng, 6«]lg+u , 3'dlkm/ , of]u Wofg cflbdf cfˆgf] ;do r'Tofpg ;Sg' krf{. o;n]
k'gftf{hlusf] sfd u5{ .
%_ gf] eGg l;Sg'xf]; cS;/ lzIf0f
k]zfdf ;'?jftL ;dodf nfUbf xfdL gf] eGg ;Sb}gf}. u'8 ljn sf gfd df xfdL w]/}
pbf/ x'G5f}+ / ;a} sfd xfdL cfkm}n] lng
vf]H5f}. xfdLn] g;Sg], k];fut bfloTj leq gkg]{ sfdnfO{ gf] g} eGg ;Sg' k5{.
^_ cfˆgf] clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L cflbnfO{
;s];Dd ljs]G›Ls/0f ug{'xf]; sfo{ If]qdf sfd ubf{ l6d sf] cToGt} dxTj x'G5. ;xsdL{ , laBfyL{ dfly la:jf;
ug{'xf];. lhDd]af/L af+8kmf+8 ug{'xf];. To;f] ubf{ ckm'kgL xNsf , sfd klg ;lhn}
;DkGg x'g] . l;sfO{sf] 8/ klg a9\g].
&_ ;w} cfkm'nfO{ l;sf?sf] ?kdf
k;{\t't ug]{ d}n] hfg]sf] 5' eg]/ bDe ug{' eGbf df l;Sg cfPsf] x'g\ . d}n]
w]/} l;ls;s]sf] 5' eGbf klg d}n] l;Sg afFsL 5. eg]/ ;xsfo{df cfwfl/t l;sfO{ df]8]n ljsf; ug{' k5{.
*_ c?nfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{'xf];
tkfO{sf] JolQmTj lawfly{n] l;Sg] x'Fbf
To; cg'?k cfkm'nfO{ k|:t't ug{'xf];. cWogzLn x'g' cToGt} h?/L 5. laBfnodf klg
c? ;xsdL{ dfFem gd'gfsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g'xf];. lrl§s k/]sf] ;kmf kf];fs ,
ldn]sf] bf/L skfn . dGb d':sfg lzIfssf geO{ gx'g] u'0f x'g\ .
(_ yf]/} ug{'xf]; s'g} klg sfd Ps}k6s w]/} ug{'
eGbf yf]/} ug{'xf];. cfkm'nfO{ at{dfg cj:yfdf /fVg'xf]; . clxn]sf] s'g sfd
dxTjk'0f{ 5 eg]/ ls6fg ug{'xf]; / Ps ktg df ;fgf] nIf lgwf{/0f ug{'xf]; / 86]/
nfUg'xf];.
!)_
:j d'Nof+sg ug{'xf]; cfkm'n] u/]sf] laut sf] sfd s] s:tf] /xof]
Tof] :j d'Nof+sg ug{'xf];. s'g sfd l7s lyof]< s'g sfd eg] h:t} ePg. s'g
glthf cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof]. s:tf] kl/0ffd cfof]. eg]/ :j d'Nofsg ug{ cToGt}
h?l/ 5. x/]s aif{ km/s kl/j]z , km/s laBfyL{ , km/s r'gf}tL cfOk/]sf] x'G5 t]xL
cg'?k cfkm'nfO{ 9fNg'xf];.
!!_ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u @!cf} ztflAb ;'rgf / k|ljlwsf] o'u xf]. tkfO{
o;sf] /ˆtf/ ;+u lx+8\g' cToGt} h?/L 5. cfˆgf] lzIf0fnfO{ k|lalw ;+u hf]8\g'xf];.
o;n] tkfO{+nfO{ ck8]6 /fV5. k|lawLsf] 1fg a9\5 eg] k7g kf7g k|efjsf/L x'g]
ub{5.
!@_ Pp6} :t/ lgwf/0f ug{'xf]; gug{'xf];
xfdL h] s'/fnfO{ Ppt} :t/ lgwf/0f ub{5f}+. af:tadf ;w}+ To:tf] x'Fb}g. s'g}
s'/f klxn]sf] eGbf lalu|Psf] x'g ;S5, s'g} ;f]r]eGbf lgs} ;'wf/ ePsf] x'G5.
h:tf] ls s'g} laWoly{sf] af/]df xfd|f] klxn]sf] h] wf/0ff xf] ToxL alg /fv]sf]
x'G5. p;n] ;'wf/ ubf{ klg xfdL ljZjf; ul//fv]sf x'Fb}gf}. ;dofg's'n wf/0ff
ljsf; ug{'xf];.
kl/of]hfgf cfwfl/t lzIf0f lawL - k|f]h]S6
a]:8 nlg{Ë _
olb k|f]h]S6 a]:8 nlg{ËnfO{ Aoal:yt ?kdf k|of]u ul/of] eg]
ljBfyL{df ljifoa:t'sf] 1fg a9\g] / l;sfO{ k|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf;
x'g] w]/} cWog\ n] s] b]vfPsf 5g\. cflv/
s] xf] t of] k|f]h]S6 a]:8 nlg{Ë<
k|f]h]S6 a]:8 nlg{Ë
k|f]h]S6 a]:8 nlg{Ë lawL k'/ftg lzIf0f /
l;sfO{sf] lawL eGbf lgs} e/s lalw xf]. -Barron & Darling-Hammond, 2008;
Thomas, @)))_ cg';f/ of] ljlwnfO{ lgDg a'Fbfdf AofVof ul/Psf] 5
c_
lawfly{n] ;d:of ;dfwfg lawL l;Sg] x'gfn] cfˆgf] lhagdf cfOkg]{ h:tf]
;'s} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ 1fg k|fKt ub{5g.
cf_ cfˆgf] l;sfO{ k|lt cfkm} lhDd]jf/ / hfu?s aGg].
O_ lzIfs d]+6/ / ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfdf
x'G5g . pgLx?sf] e"ldsf l;ldt / d'Nof+sgsf] ;dodf dfq k|tIf b]lvG5.
O{_ laBfyL{ w]/} h;f] ;d'xdf sfd ub{5g.
lzIfsn] of] lawL cGtu{t l/cn jn{\8 ;+u ;DalGwt
;d:of lzh{gf ug{ ;Sb5g. o; lalw cGtu{t lzIfsn] OGSjf/L df]8n jf ;d:of ;dfwfg
lawL lgwf/0f ug{ ;Sb5g. of] lawLdf nIf lgwf/0f , cg';Gwfg tyf vf]hsf]
k|:t'tLs/0f ;+u ;DalGwt 5.
-Barron & Darling-Hammond, 2008;
Thomas, @))) sf cg';f/ of] ljlwdf laWofly{nfO{ lzh{gflzntf ljsf; ug]{ ,
k|:g ug]{, 1fgsf] k'g/laQL ug]{, zLk
lasf; ug]{, ;dfnf]rgfTds wf/0ff ljsf; ug]{ , ;xsfo{ ug]{, ;+rf/;Lksf] lasf;
ug]{ , gofF vf]h sf] lasf; ug]{ , cfˆgf] gofF wf/0ff ljsf; ug]{ h:tf @!cf}
ztfAbL ;'xfpFbf] lzk sf] ljsf; x'g] ub{5.
l;sfO{ pknlAw
k'/ftg lalw / k|f]h]S6 a]:8 nlg{Ësf] t'ngf
ubf{ w]/} leGgtf kfpg ;lsG5. of] ljlwdf laWofly{nfO{ lzh{gflzntf ljsf; ug]{ ,
k|:g ug]{, 1fgsf] k'g/laQL ug]{, zLk
lasf; ug]{, ;dfnf]rgfTds wf/0ff ljsf; ug]{ , ;xsfo{ ug]{, ;+rf/;Lksf] lasf;
ug]{ , gofF vf]h sf] lasf; ug]{ cfbL lzk sf] ljsf; x'g] ubf{ 5. of] ljlwdf
sIffsf]7fx? a9L lhaGt , ;lha , lhDd]af/ b]lvG5. lzIfs cfˆgf] lalw / k|lqmof
;'wfg{ tlNng x'G5g , :j d'Nof+sg ,
;xhstf{ aGg] / laWofly{x? ;d:ofdf s]lG›t
x'G5g . ;du|df eGg] kbf{ b'j} ;xhstf{ / l;sf?n] Ps csf{af6 l;ls/x]sf x'G5g.
